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單向鏈表基本操作的遞歸實(shí)現(xiàn)

作者:龔平   來(lái)源:本站原創(chuàng)   點(diǎn)擊數(shù):  更新時(shí)間:2014年03月13日   【字體:


這幾天正在復(fù)習(xí)一些基本的算法和實(shí)現(xiàn),今天看了看遞歸的基本原理,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己對(duì)遞歸還不是特別清楚,特別是不清楚遞歸的思想,不能很準(zhǔn)確的把握先分解成小事件,在合并的思想,其實(shí)也是數(shù)學(xué)歸納法的程序體現(xiàn),其實(shí)數(shù)學(xué)歸納法是一種強(qiáng)大的方法,記得高中的時(shí)候最喜歡做的題目就是數(shù)學(xué)歸納方面的證明,現(xiàn)在想過(guò)來(lái)好多問(wèn)題我不能采用這種方式思考,可見(jiàn)知識(shí)真的是有聯(lián)系的,只是我們沒(méi)有找到聯(lián)系的方式而已。
 
為了熟悉遞歸的思想,我嘗試了采用遞歸的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)單向鏈表的基本操作。單向的鏈表是C語(yǔ)言課程中接觸到的中比較復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),但是他確實(shí)其他數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ),在一般情況下都是采用迭代的形式實(shí)現(xiàn),迭代的形式相比遞歸要節(jié)省時(shí)間和空間,但是代碼相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)要復(fù)雜,遞歸往往只是簡(jiǎn)單的幾句代碼,我主要是為了熟悉迭代,并不在性能上進(jìn)行分析。
 
基本的實(shí)現(xiàn)如下所示:

    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<stdlib.h>

    typedef struct listnode
    {
            int val;
            struct listnode *next;
    }List;

    /*統(tǒng)計(jì)節(jié)點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)*/
    int count_listnode(List *head)
    {
            static int count = 0;
       
            if(NULL != head)
            {
                    count += 1;
                    if(head->next != NULL)
                    {
                            count_listnode(head->next);
                    }

                    return count;
            }
    }

    /*順序打印*/
    void fdprint_listnode(List *head)
    {
            if(NULL != head)
            {
                    printf("%d\t",head->val);
                    if(head->next != NULL)
                    {
                            fdprint_listnode(head->next);
                    }
            }
    }
    /*反向打印*/
    void bkprint_listnode(List *head)
    {
            if(head != NULL)
            {
                    if(head->next != NULL)
                    {
                            bkprint_listnode(head->next);
                    }

                    printf("%d\t",head->val);
            }
    }
    /*刪除一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)為d的節(jié)點(diǎn)*/
    List *delete_node(List * head, int d)
    {
            List *temp = head;

            if(head != NULL)
            {
                    if(head->val == d)
                    {
                            temp = head;
                            head = head->next;
                            free(temp);
                            temp = NULL;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                            temp = head->next;
                            if(temp != NULL)
                            {
                                    temp = delete_node(temp,d);
                                    head->next = temp;
                            }
                    }
            }

            return head;
    }

    /*刪除所有val = d的節(jié)點(diǎn)*/
    List* delete_allnode(List *head, int d)
    {
            List *temp = head, *cur = head;
            if(head != NULL)
            {
                    /*如果第一個(gè)就是需要?jiǎng)h除的對(duì)象*/
                    if(cur->val == d)
                    {
                            temp = cur;
                            cur = cur->next;
                            free(temp);
                            temp = NULL;
                            temp = delete_allnode(cur, d);
                            head = temp;
                    }
                    else /*不是刪除的對(duì)象*/
                    {
                            cur = head->next;
                            temp = delete_allnode(cur, d);
                            /*將得到的鏈表連接到檢測(cè)的區(qū)域*/
                            head->next = temp;
                    }
            }
            return head;
    }
    /*最大值*/
    int max_list(List *head)
    {
            int max = 0;
            int temp;
            if(NULL == head)
            {
                    printf("Error: NULL pointer...");
            }

            if(NULL != head && head->next == NULL)
            {
                    return head->val;
            }

            else
            {
                    temp = max_list(head->next);

                    max = (head->val > temp ? head->val : temp);

                    return max;
            }
    }

    /*最小值*/
    int min_list(List *head)
    {
            int min = 0;
            int temp;

            if(NULL == head)
            {
                    printf("Error: NULL pointer...");
            }

            if(NULL != head && head->next == NULL)
            {
                    return head->val;
            }

            else
            {
                   temp = min_list(head->next);

                    min = (head->val < temp ? head->val : temp);

                    return min;
            }
    }

    /*創(chuàng)建鏈表*/
    List* create_list(int val)
    {
            List *head = (List *)malloc(sizeof(List)/sizeof(char));

            if(NULL == head)
            {
                    return NULL;
            }

            head->val = val;

            head->next = NULL;

            return head;
    }

    /*插入節(jié)點(diǎn)*/
    List* insert_listnode(List *head, int val)
    {
            List *temp;
            if(NULL == head)
            {
                    return NULL;
            }

            temp = (List *)malloc(sizeof(List)/sizeof(char));
            temp->val = val;
            temp->next = head;
            head = temp;

            return head;
    }

    /*刪除鏈表*/
    void delete_list(List *head)
    {
            List *temp = NULL;
            if(head != NULL)
            {
                    temp = head;
                    head = head->next;
                    free(temp);
                    temp = NULL;

                    delete_list(head);
            }
    }

    int main()
    {
            int n = 0;
            int i = 0;
            List * head = create_list(10);

            for(i = 0; i < 10; ++ i)
            {
                    n = 1 + (int)(10.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX + 1.0));

                    head = insert_listnode(head, n);
            }

            fdprint_listnode(head);

            printf("\n");

            bkprint_listnode(head);

            printf("\n%d\n", count_listnode(head));

            printf("\n");
    #if 10
            head = delete_node(head, 10);
            fdprint_listnode(head);
           printf("\n");

            bkprint_listnode(head);
            printf("\n");
    #endif

    #if 10
            head = delete_allnode(head, 10);
            fdprint_listnode(head);

            printf("\n");

            bkprint_listnode(head);
    #endif

            printf("max = %d\n",max_list(head));
            printf("max = %d\n",min_list(head));
            delete_list(head);

            head = NULL;

            if(head == NULL)
            {
                    printf("ERROR:null pointer!...\n");
            }
            return 0;
    }

遞歸中需要注意的思想我任務(wù)就是為了解決當(dāng)前的問(wèn)題,我完成最簡(jiǎn)單的一部操作,其他的由別人去完成,比如漢諾塔中的第一個(gè)和尚讓第二個(gè)和尚把前63個(gè)金盤放在B處,而他自己只需要完成從A到C的搬運(yùn),實(shí)質(zhì)上他自己完成的只有一部最簡(jiǎn)答的,但是搬運(yùn)這種動(dòng)作有存在非常大的相似性。
 
因此為了解決當(dāng)前的問(wèn)題f(n),就需要解決問(wèn)題f(n-1),而f(n-1)的解決就需要解決f(n-2),這樣逐層的分解,分解成很多相似的小事件,當(dāng)最小的事件解決完成以后,就能解決高層次的事件,這種逐層分解,逐層合并的方式就構(gòu)成了遞歸的思想,最主要的要找到遞歸的出口和遞歸的方式,搞清楚了這兩個(gè),實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)遞歸問(wèn)題相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)就比較簡(jiǎn)單啦。
 
但是遞歸也存在問(wèn)題,特別是深層次的遞歸可能導(dǎo)致�?臻g的溢出,因?yàn)槎褩?臻g的大小并不是無(wú)限大的,特別當(dāng)遞歸中數(shù)據(jù)量特別大的情況下,遞歸很有可能導(dǎo)致�?臻g的溢出,因此遞歸并不是萬(wàn)能的,但是遞歸確實(shí)是一種思考問(wèn)題的方式,一種反向思考的形式,從結(jié)果到具體的小過(guò)程。當(dāng)然具體的問(wèn)題就要具體分析啦。
 
用一句簡(jiǎn)單的話記住遞歸就是:我完成最簡(jiǎn)單的那一步,其他的復(fù)雜的相似問(wèn)題都找別人去做吧。
 

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